Macron Takes France’s Nuclear Deterrent Beyond Its Borders: Europe’s New Umbrella Has a Name — But Still No Clear Rules
Six years after first invoking a “European dimension” for France’s nuclear deterrent, Paris is moving from rhetoric to architecture: forward deterrence, Franco-German nuclear coordination, strategic dialogue with Poland and Finland. The central question, however, remains unresolved: who exactly is protected, under what circumstances, and who ultimately decides when France’s nuclear threshold has been crossed?